Effects of histone hypomethylation induced by alcohol during pregnancy on overexpression of cardiomyogenesis genes offspring mice

AIM:To investigate the effects of histone methylation on the abnormal expression of cardiomyogenesis genes caused by alcohol during pregnancy and the regulatory mechanism, and to provide a new idea and intervention targets for preventing and curing congenital heart disease. METHODS:The alcohol (56%, 5 mL/kg) and G9a-histone methyltransferases (HMT) inhibitor BRD4770 (1 mg/kg) were given by gavage in Kunming mice during embryo (E) 0.5~14.5 d, and the hearts of the mice in E14.5, E16.5 and post neonatal 0.5 d (PND0.5) were collected. The mRNA expression of Gata4, Cx43 and β-MHC genes was detected by RT-qPCR. The activity of HMT was measured by colorimetry. Meanwhile, the protein expression of histone H3K9me3, G9a-HMT, Cx43 and β-MHC was determined by Western blot. RESULTS:The results of colorimetry showed that the activity of HMT in the heart of the offspring mice treated with alcohol during pregnancy was decreased significantly compared with normal saline group (P<0.05), and Western blot data showed that the expression of G9a-HMT and histone H3K9me3 were apparently decreased in the same samples (P<0.05). The mRNA expression levels of Gata4, Cx43 and β-MHC in alcohol group were apparently increased compared with normal saline group (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the protein levels of Cx43 and β-MHC were increased significantly in the same samples (P<0.05). However, BRD4770, a G9a-HMT inhibitor, further attenuated the level of histone H3K9me3, and further upregulated the expression of Gata4, Cx43 and β-MHC in the heart of the the mice treated with alcohol (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:Histone methylation modification imbalance induced by G9a-HMT may be involved in the abnormal expression of cardiomyogenesis genes in the heart of offspring mice caused by alcohol during pregnancy.     

Cigarette dust particles induced lung function injury of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in mice

AIM: To investigate the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive disease (COPD) in mice by using nasal drip of cigarette dust particles (DSP) induced pulmonary function damage model.METHODS: BALB/c mice were randomly divided into control group, LPS 100 mg/L group, DSP 0.75 mL/L group, DSP 1.5 mL/L group and DSP 3 mL/L group for 30 days. The method of nasal drip was used for 30 days to establish the COPD model. Rrs, Ers, Crs, Est, Cst, P-3/8Rn, P-3/8G and P-3/8H were measured for evaluating lung function of the mice in each group by the method of FlexiVent. The effect on the increase of airway resistance induced by methacholine (Mach) was determined using main bronchial rings by Myograph method. The HE, Masson and Resorcinol fuchsin staining of mouse tracheas and lung tissues were conducted. RESULTS: Continuous nasal drip with DSP for 30 days increased Rrs, Ers, Est, P-3/8Rn and decreased Crs, Cst, P-3/8G and P-3/8H in the mice. DSP significantly shifted the dose-effect curve of tracheal contraction induced by Mach to the left, increased the sensitivity of the airway to Mach, and significantly increased the maximal contractile airway effect of Mach. Exposure to DSP caused fibrosis of airway subepithelial, deposition of collagen in the airway basement membrane under the reticular plate, induced reticular plate thickening, pulmonary bronchial lumen serious deformation, and the inflammatory cell infiltration in the lung of mice. Significantly increased alveolar wall muscle fibers and collagen fibers were also observed. CONCLUSION: The lung function and pathomorphological changes of COPD mice induced by 30 days nasal drip of cigarette dust particles were similar to those of human COPD.     

不同播期对黄秋葵长势、抗病性和产量的影响

为在河北省推广种植黄秋葵,在安国、保定、邯郸、衡水和石家庄5个试验点进行黄秋葵分期播种试验,研究了不同播期对石秋葵1号、红玉和五福3个品种生长势、抗病性和产量的影响。结果表明:播期对石秋葵1号、红玉和五福生长势、抗病性和产量具有较大的影响,随着播期的推迟,3个品种的茎粗大致呈逐渐增高的趋势,株高呈先降后升的趋势(除2018年的红玉外),单株结果数则先增加后减少,单果质量(除五福外)逐渐增大;以4月20日、25日和30日为播期,得到的黄秋葵单株产量和折合667 m~2产量较高。综合得出,河北省黄秋葵种植以4月20日、25日、30日为播期最为适宜。     

大豆作为前作植物对油菜根肿病发生的影响

为了解前作大豆对后茬油菜根肿病的影响，采用大田轮作试验和实时荧光定量PCR检测法，研究大豆、白菜、油菜分别作为前作，调查后茬油菜根肿病的发生和土壤中休眠孢子含量，比较分析了不同前作的根系分泌物对休眠孢子萌发的影响，结果表明前作大豆，后茬油菜根肿病的发病率和病情指数分别为34.00%和19.26、土壤休眠孢子含量为1.45×106个/克土壤，显著低于前作为油菜、白菜和撂荒对照的相应量。大豆、油菜和白菜根系分泌物均可刺激根肿菌休眠孢子萌发。与根肿菌休眠孢子共培6 d后，大豆根系分泌物培养的休眠孢子萌发率为29.82%，显著高于白菜（15.52%）、油菜根系分泌物（14.83%）和营养液（6.48%）培养下的萌发率。据此推测，前作种植大豆，后茬油菜根肿病发生和危害减轻，原因应与大豆根系分泌物刺激根肿菌休眠孢子萌发，产生的游动孢子因缺少寄主植物而死亡，导致诱发病害的初侵染源（土壤中休眠孢子含量）减少有关。     

甘州区规模化羊场主要疫病及防控措施探讨

肉羊养殖逐渐向规模化方向发展,但是口蹄疫、小反刍兽疫、羊布病等疫病防控面临形势愈加严重。需要从羊场设计、加强饲养管理、消毒、驱虫、制定合理免疫程序加强防检疫工作等多方面采取综合防控措施,降低疫病风险,取得最大养殖效益。     

不同温度下TMV侵染枯斑三生烟的LncRNA差异表达

【目的】 筛选不同温度下烟草花叶病毒（Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV）侵染后枯斑三生烟（Nicotiana tabacum var. Samsun NN）差异表达的长链非编码RNA（long non-coding RNA,lncRNA）,研究lncRNA在枯斑三生烟抗性反应中的作用。【方法】 N基因的温度敏感性使枯斑三生烟在25℃时具备对TMV的抗性、在31℃抗性丧失,在这两个温度条件下对枯斑三生烟接种TMV和磷酸盐缓冲盐水（phosphate buffered saline,PBS）,48 h后提取系统叶总RNA,构建链特异性文库后进行深度测序。对测序结果进行过滤后利用HTSeq将有效数据与近缘品种TN90（N. tabacum var. TN90）基因组比对,筛选得到lncRNA后利用FPKM法估计lncRNA的表达水平。通过edgeR筛选差异表达lncRNA（differentially expressed lncRNA,DElncRNA）,并利用qRT-PCR技术对这一结果进行验证。通过共定位及共表达分析预测DElncRNA的靶基因,通过参考基因组注释、GO和KEGG富集分析研究靶基因的功能。【结果】 4个处理共12个样本经lncRNA-seq各测得约8 000万条clean reads,共获得4 737条已知lncRNA、40 169条新lncRNA。其中64个lncRNA在不同温度条件下TMV侵染后存在差异表达,qRT-PCR测定结果显示这些lncRNA的测序正确率在80%左右,表明本研究所得测序数据具备较高的可信度。对DElncRNA进行靶基因预测,发现一些基因同时被25℃下调和31℃上调的DElncRNA靶向。靶基因注释功能丰富,主要参与植物抗病、激素和代谢等生理过程。部分可能与激素通路相关的lncRNA,在25℃下TMV侵染时呈现下调趋势,而在31℃下TMV侵染则呈现上调趋势。GO富集分析显示靶基因主要参与构成膜、囊泡等组分,具备钙、钾离子通道抑制剂活性等分子功能,使相应离子得以转运引发随后的反应,同时也参与发病、抗原加工和呈现、细胞分裂素代谢等生理过程。KEGG分析发现靶基因显著富集在植物激素信号转导通路,25℃下调和31℃上调的DElncRNA靶基因同时富集在激素信号传导、ABC运输蛋白、苯丙烷类生物合成等通路。【结论】 不同温度（25℃和31℃）条件下TMV侵染枯斑三生烟后,长链非编码RNA差异表达,DElncRNA通过作用于激素信号传导、物质转运等过程参与寄主系统获得性抗性反应。研究结果可为揭示植物系统获得性抗性中lncRNA的调控功能以及新型抗病毒技术开发提供依据。     

侵染广东连州葫芦的黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒的分子特征 及致病性分析

【目的】黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒(Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus,CGMMV)是侵染瓜类作物的主要病毒之一,对瓜类产业造成巨大的危害。本研究旨在探明侵染广东省连州市葫芦的CGMMV分离物(CGMMV-GDLZ)分子特征及其在系统进化中的地位,并测定其对黄瓜、葫芦和西瓜的致病性,为CGMMV的防控提供理论依据。【方法】从广东省连州市葫芦种植基地采集2个疑似CGMMV侵染的病样以及1个无症状样品,提取总RNA,根据CGMMV参考序列（GenBank登录号：KX883801）设计引物进行RT-PCR检测,引物序列为F：CCACGAGTTGTTTCCTAATGCTG/R：TTTGCTAGGCGTGATCGGATTGT,退火温度53℃,扩增长度890 bp。将CGMMV全长序列分为前后两段,前半段1—3 511 nt,扩增引物序列为F：AAGTTCATTTCATTTGGAGAGGGTTTTAATTTTTATAA TTAAACAAA/R：AGTTCTGCATTAATTGCTATTTGGTAGGCACAGTGGTAG;后半段3 301—6 423 nt,扩增引物序列为F：GTGCGTGCTACCCCGACTCCAATAGGTTTGATTGCCCGTG/R：GGTGGAGATGCCATGCCGACCCTGGGCCCCTACCCGGGGAAAGG。将前后两段PCR产物通过同源重组的方法克隆到pCB301双元载体上,测序得到CGMMV-GDLZ分离物全长序列。利用CGMMV-GDLZ分离物全长序列在NCBI中进行Blast分析,然后通过MEGA7软件对CGMMV-GDLZ以及其他已经报道的CGMMV分离物进行系统进化树分析。将构建好的pCB301-CGMMV侵染性克隆注射接种本生烟验证其侵染性,然后再注射接种黄瓜、葫芦和西瓜的子叶,测定CGMMV-GDLZ分离物的致病性。【结果】RT-PCR结果证实,广东省连州市葫芦病样感染了CGMMV。CGMMV-GDLZ分离物全长序列为6 423 nt,编码4个蛋白,分别为129K复制酶（61—3 495 nt）、186K复制相关蛋白（61—5 007 nt）、运动蛋白MP（4 994—5 788 nt）和外壳蛋白CP（5 763—6 248 nt）。CGMMV-GDLZ核苷酸序列与CGMMV-eWT分离物（GenBank登录号：KY753928）同源性最高,为99.97%。系统进化树分析结果显示,CGMMV-GDLZ分离物与日本、韩国等东亚CGMMV分离物同属Group 1,在遗传距离上与山东、浙江和河南的CGMMV分离物最接近。pCB301-CGMMV侵染性克隆可以系统侵染本生烟,造成本生烟上部叶片出现皱缩、斑驳、凸起等症状,RT-PCR和Western blot进一步确认了侵染性克隆的侵染性。注射接种CGMMV-GDLZ分离物后15 dpi,葫芦和西瓜即可产生斑驳、花叶、突起、生长迟缓等症状,24 dpi时症状更明显。而15 dpi时,CGMMV-GDLZ分离物在黄瓜上的症状不明显,与未接种对照植株几乎没有区别;将植株从控温接种室移入网室中,30 dpi时,黄瓜植株上部叶片开始出现斑驳和花叶,40 dpi时,症状已经非常明显。RT-PCR和Western blot检测进一步确认了上述结果。【结论】侵染广东省连州市葫芦的CGMMV-GDLZ分离物与山东、浙江和河南的CGMMV分离物很可能具有相同的传染源;CGMMV-GDLZ分离物可以侵染本生烟、黄瓜、葫芦和西瓜等作物,但对这些作物的致病性存在差异。     

辣椒抗番茄斑萎病毒病研究进展及展望

番茄斑萎病毒（Tomato spotted wilt virus，TSWV）自19 世纪发现以来，在全世界各地蔓延，对多种作物造成重大经济损失。本文以辣椒为例，从TSWV 的发生与分布、病害症状检测、传播方式、防治方法、抗TSWV 育种及展望等6 个方面对国内外辣椒TSWV 的研究现状进行综述。     

Temporal and spatial progress of the diseases caused by the crinivirus tomato chlorosis virus and the begomovirus tomato severe rugose virus in tomatoes in Brazil

Efficient management of whitefly-borne diseases remains a challenge due to the lack of a comprehensive understanding of their epidemiology, particularly of the diseases tomato golden mosaic and tomato yellowing. Here, by monitoring 16 plots in four commercial fields, the temporal and spatial distribution of these two diseases were studied in tomato fields in Brazil. In the experimental plots these diseases were caused by tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) and tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), respectively. The incidence of each virus was similar in the plots within a field but varied greatly among fields. Plants with symptoms for both diseases were randomly distributed in three of four spatial analyses. The curves representing the progress of both diseases were similar and contained small fluctuations, indicating that the spread of both viruses was similar under field conditions. In transmission experiments of ToSRV and ToCV by Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (former biotype B), these viruses had a similar transmission rate in single or mixed infections. It was then shown that primary and secondary spread of ToCV were not efficiently controlled by insecticide applications. Finally, in a typical monomolecular model of disease progress, simulation of the primary dissemination of ToSRV and ToCV showed that infected plants were predominantly randomly distributed. It is concluded that, although the manner of vector transmission differs between ToSRV (persistent) and ToCV (semipersistent), the main dispersal mechanisms are most probably similar for these two diseases: primary spread is the predominant mechanism, and epidemics of these diseases have been caused by several influxes of viruliferous whiteflies.     

蛋白质激发子Hrip1对小麦黄矮病的诱抗作用

小麦黄矮病是由大麦黄矮病毒（barley yellow dwarf virus，BYDV）引起的一种小麦病毒病，其传播介体是小麦蚜虫，在小麦生产中造成巨大的经济损失。近年来，植物诱导抗性作为一种新兴的植物病虫害防治措施引起了广泛的关注。蛋白质激发子Hrip1可以激活多种植物的免疫防御反应诱导植物产生广谱抗性。本研究评价了Hrip1对小麦黄矮病的诱抗效果。用30 μg/mL的Hrip1溶液进行小麦浸种和幼苗喷雾，随后接种BYDV，接种后第14 d，Hrip1对小麦黄矮病控制效果在50%以上，接种后第21 d控制效果仍在30%以上。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示，在Hrip1处理的小麦幼苗体内，BYDV外壳蛋白mRNA的数量显著低于对照组；EPG结果显示，在Hrip1处理的小麦幼苗上，麦二叉蚜寻找叶片刺吸位点和韧皮部取食位点的时间增加。以上结果表明：Hrip1能够有效地抑制BYDV在小麦体内的增殖；影响传毒媒介麦二叉蚜的取食行为，抑制其传毒能力。此外，Hrip1处理小麦能有效缓解BYDV引起的叶片黄化和植株矮化的症状。因此，Hrip1可以作为生物诱导剂综合控制小麦黄矮病。